Indonesia is one of the few developing countries that can boast of reducing fiscal dependence on revenues from fossil fuel production while growing and diversifying both the economy and government revenue base. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Indonesia experienced a drop in government revenues from upstream oil and gas—from 35 per cent of the total revenues (7 per cent of GDP) in 2001 to just 6 per cent (less than 1 per cent of GDP) in 2016. Meanwhile, Indonesia’s rates of GDP growth (at 3–4 per cent per year) and budget deficit (at 2–3 per cent) remained largely unchanged.
However, the country faces several challenges in moving further towards a fiscal system supporting clean energy and a sustainable economy. Compared with other BRIICS countries, Indonesia underutilizes the fiscal space it can create by taxing energy consumption. Fuel consumption taxes (VAT and motor fuel tax) generate just a third of the value of fuel and electricity subsidies (0.57 per cent of GDP vs. 1.7 per cent of GDP on annual average over 2014–2016). These subsidies are an inefficient mechanism for redistribution of the declining export rents from fossil fuels. A lot of barriers remain in the way of renewable energy development.
This publication, Beyond Fossil Fuels: Indonesia's fiscal transition, makes a first attempt at an integrated analysis of how Indonesia both taxes and subsidizes production and consumption of oil, gas, coal, and electricity (most of which is generated with coal). The paper also explores lessons learned from Indonesia’s reduction of fiscal dependence on fossil fuels. Chapter 1 reviews the state of play in the oil, gas, and coal sectors and in particular the role of state-owned enterprises. Chapter 2 focuses on the dynamics of government revenue from fossil fuels vs. its expenditure on fuel and electricity subsidies. Chapter 3 looks at the Indonesian policies linked to economic diversification.
The paper is a sister publication of the forthcoming IISD analysis Beyond Fossil Fuels: Fiscal Transitions in BRIICS and follows the same methodology.